{"id":2777,"date":"2018-10-19T20:29:02","date_gmt":"2018-10-19T20:29:02","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/lingo-apps.com\/?p=2777"},"modified":"2019-09-06T14:48:11","modified_gmt":"2019-09-06T14:48:11","slug":"and-conjunction-japanese","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/lingo-apps.com\/zh-hant\/and-conjunction-japanese\/","title":{"rendered":"Lesson 16. 5 Ways to Say AND in Japanese"},"content":{"rendered":"
\"And
Various ways to say and in Japanese<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

Compare:<\/p>\n

\u3069\u3089\u713c\u304d\u3068<\/strong>\u5927\u798f\u304c\u597d\u304d\u3067\u3059\u3002<\/p>\n

Dorayaki to<\/strong> daifuku ga sukidesu.<\/p>\n

I like dorayaki and daifuku.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

\u3069\u3089\u713c\u304d\u3084<\/strong>\u5927\u798f\u304c\u597d\u304d\u3067\u3059\u3002<\/p>\n

Dorayaki ya<\/strong> daifuku ga sukidesu.<\/p>\n

I like dorayaki and daifuku.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

\u3068(to) and \u3084 (ya) are both translated as and<\/em> in Japanese. Do you think they are the same? Well, just like Chinese and<\/a>, there are different ways to express and<\/em> as well in Japanese. Even they work the same as noun linkers, there is a slight difference between them.<\/p>\n

In the first example, it implies that [I only<\/em> like dorayaki and daifuku]. That\u2019s it.<\/p>\n

On the other hand, the second example means that [I also<\/em> like other traditional Japanese sweets aside from dorayaki and daifuku, but I didn\u2019t mention the rest].<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Starting to get it? See more explanations below!<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

\u3068<\/strong> (TO) \u2013 the closed list nouns linker<\/strong><\/h3>\n

\u3068(to) is the most common and direct way to say and<\/em> in Japanese. It can be used to connect two nouns in a sentence, but not for phrases or even clauses. It joins two nouns together in a closed list \u2013 <\/em>there is nothing else. In fact, \u3068(to) is the only conjunction that equals the English conjunction and.<\/p>\n

Structure: Noun 1 + \u3068 + Noun 2<\/p><\/blockquote>\n

 <\/p>\n

Another example:<\/p>\n

\u30e9\u30fc\u30e1\u30f3\u3068\u5bff\u53f8\u3092\u305f\u3079\u305f\u3044\u3002<\/p>\n

\u00a0R\u0101men to sushi o tabetai.<\/p>\n

I want to eat ramen and sushi. [I don\u2019t want to eat anything else].<\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n

For your information, Japanese uses the suffix -\u305f\u3044 (-tai) to express the concept of wishing.<\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u3084<\/strong>\u00a0 (<\/strong>YA) \u2013 the opened list nouns linker<\/strong><\/h3>\n

\u3084\u00a0 (YA), on the other side, is used for joining two nouns together in an opened list \u2013 there are more nouns to be listed. It gives us a kind of similar feeling to the continuing list \u2018etc\u2019.<\/p>\n

Structure: Noun 1 + \u3084 + Noun 2<\/p><\/blockquote>\n

 <\/p>\n

Another example:<\/p>\n

\u6771\u4eac\u3084\u5b87\u90fd\u5bae\u306b\u884c\u304d\u307e\u3057\u305f\u3002<\/p>\n

T\u014dky\u014d ya Utsunomiya ni ikimashita.<\/p>\n

I went to Tokyo and Utsunomiya. [I also went to other cities in Japan besides Tokyo and Utsunomiya].<\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n

Read: Chinese Characters of Japanese and Chinese Are Not All The Same!<\/a><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n

–<\/strong>\u304f\u3066<\/strong> (<\/strong>-KUTE<\/strong>) <\/strong>and –<\/strong>\u3067<\/strong> (-DE) \u2013 the adjectives linker<\/strong><\/h3>\n

In Japanese, we cannot express more than one adjectives as simply as how sweet and tasty <\/em>works in English. Instead, we replaced whole adjectives in the sentence, except the last adjective as the following rules:<\/p>\n

For the adjectives that end in -\u3044 (-i), replace the suffix -\u3044 (-i) with the suffix -\u304f\u3066 (-kute).<\/p>\n

For the adjectives that end in -\u3060 (-da) or -\u306a (-na), replace the suffix with the suffixes -\u3067 (-de).<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Thus:<\/p>\n

\u305d\u306e\u30ea\u30f3\u30b4\u306f\u7518\u304f\u3066\u304a\u3044\u3057\u3044\u00a0\u3067\u3059\u3002<\/p>\n

Sono ringo wa amakute oish\u012bdesu.<\/p>\n

Those apples are sweet and tasty.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Note that the present form of \u7518\u3044 (amai) was changed into \u7518\u304f\u3066 (amakute).<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

\u5f7c\u5973\u306e\u58f0\u306f\u7dba\u9e97\u3067\u512a\u3057\u3044\u3067\u3059\u3002<\/p>\n

Kanojo no koe wa kireide yasash\u012bdesu.<\/p>\n

Her voice is beautiful and gentle.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Note that the present form of \u7dba\u9e97\u3060 (kireida) or \u7dba\u9e97\u306a (kireina) was changed into \u7dba\u9e97\u3067 (kireide).<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

–<\/strong>\u3066<\/strong> (-te) \u2013 the verbs linker<\/strong><\/h3>\n

For combining two or more verbs in Japanese, we also drop suffix the whole verbs in the sentence, except the last verb; and then convert them into suffix -\u3066 (-te).<\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/em><\/p>\n

Thus:<\/p>\n

\u79c1\u306f\u65e5\u672c\u53f2\u3092\u52c9\u5f37\u3057\u3066\u3001\u535a\u7269\u9928\u306b\u884c\u304d\u307e\u3057\u305f\u3002<\/p>\n

Watashi wa nipponshi o benky\u014d shite, hakubutsukan ni ikimashita.<\/p>\n

I studied Japanese history and went to the museum.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Note that the form of \u52c9\u5f37\u3059\u308b (benky\u014d suru) was changed into \u52c9\u5f37\u3057\u3066 (benky\u014d shite).<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

\u5f7c\u306f\u5bb6\u306b\u5e30\u3063\u3066\u3001\u5bdd\u307e\u3057\u305f\u3002<\/p>\n

Kare wa ie ni kaette, nemashita.<\/p>\n

He went home and slept.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Note that the form of \u5e30\u308b (kaeru) was changed into \u5e30\u3063\u3066 (kaette).<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Let\u2019s learn Japanese today! Join us at LingoCards<\/a>!<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Compare: \u3069\u3089\u713c\u304d\u3068\u5927\u798f\u304c\u597d\u304d\u3067\u3059\u3002 Do…<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":10,"featured_media":2778,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"pmpro_default_level":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[31],"tags":[192],"class_list":["post-2777","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-japanese","tag-conjunction","pmpro-has-access"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/lingo-apps.com\/zh-hant\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2777","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/lingo-apps.com\/zh-hant\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/lingo-apps.com\/zh-hant\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/lingo-apps.com\/zh-hant\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/10"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/lingo-apps.com\/zh-hant\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=2777"}],"version-history":[{"count":7,"href":"https:\/\/lingo-apps.com\/zh-hant\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2777\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":3918,"href":"https:\/\/lingo-apps.com\/zh-hant\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2777\/revisions\/3918"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/lingo-apps.com\/zh-hant\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/2778"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/lingo-apps.com\/zh-hant\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=2777"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/lingo-apps.com\/zh-hant\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=2777"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/lingo-apps.com\/zh-hant\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=2777"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}