be動詞に次いで最もよく使われる英語の動詞は ‘have’ です。
have は動詞、または助動詞として使われます。
動詞の形式
現在形
（↑現在形について詳しく知りたい場合は上記をクリック）
| 肯定文 | 肯定文（短縮形） | 否定文 | 否定文（短縮形） | 疑問文 |
| I have | I’ve | I do not have (A,B)
I have not (B) |
I don’t have (A,B)
I haven’t (B) |
Do I have? |
| You have | You’ve | You do not have (A,B)
You have not (B) |
You don’t have (A,B)
You haven’t (B) |
Do you have? |
| We have | We’ve | We do not have (A,B)
We have not (B) |
We don’t have (A,B)
We haven’t (B) |
Do we have? |
| They have | They’ve | They do not have (A,B)
They have not (B) |
They don’t have (A,B)
They haven’t (B) |
Do they have? |
| He has | He’s | He does not have (A,B)
He has not (B) |
He doesn’t have (A,B)
He hasn’t (B) |
Does he have? |
| She has | She’s | She does not have (A,B)
She has not (B) |
She doesn’t have (A,B)
She hasn’t (B) |
Does she have? |
| It has | It’s | It does not have (A,B)
It has not (B) |
It doesn’t have (A,B)
It hasn’t (B) |
Does it have? |
メモ:
– 肯定の疑問文には短縮形は存在しない。
– 短縮形の (‘s) はbe動詞の‘is’ 、have の三人称単数形 ‘has’ の両方に使われる。
– A = American English（アメリカ英語）、B = British English（イギリス英語）
– (A,B) = アメリカ英語とイギリス英語の両方で使われるという意味。
– (B) = イギリス英語では使用可能という意味。
– 助動詞としての have の否定形は haven’t と hasn’t のみ使用可能。(do not have 、does not have)。
過去形
| 肯定文 | 肯定文（短縮形） | 否定文 | 否定文（短縮形） | 疑問文 |
| I had | I’d | I did not have | I didn’t have | Did I have? |
| You had | You’d | You did not have | You didn’t have | Did you have? |
| We had | We’d | We did not have | We didn’t have | Did we have? |
| They had | They’d | They did not have | They didn’t have | Did they have? |
| He had | He’d | He did not have | He didn’t have | Did he have? |
| She had | She’d | She did not have | She didn’t have | Did she have? |
| It had | It’d | It did not have | It didn’t have | Did it have? |
メモ:
– 肯定の疑問文には短縮形は存在しない。
– 短縮形は会話では使われるが、フォーマルな文章では使われない。
-短縮形の(‘d) は ‘would’ と ‘had’ の両方に使われる。
現在進行形
| 肯定文 | 肯定文（短縮形） | 否定文 | 否定文（短縮形） | 疑問文 |
| I am having | I’m having | I am not having | I’m not having | Am I having? |
| You are having | You’re having | You are not having | You’re not having
You aren’t having |
Are you having? |
| We are having | We’re having | We are not having | We’re not having
We aren’t having |
Are we having? |
| They are having | They’re having | They are not having | They’re not having
They aren’t having |
Are they having? |
| He is having | He’s having | He is not having | He’s not having
He isn’t having |
Is he having? |
| She is having | She’s having | She is not having | She’s not having
She isn’t having |
Is she having? |
| It is having | It’s having | It is not having | It’s not having
It isn’t having |
Is it having? |
メモ:肯定の疑問文には短縮形は存在しない。
過去進行形
| 肯定文 | 否定文 | 否定文（短縮形） | 疑問文 |
| I was having | I was not having | I wasn’t having | Was I having? |
| You were having | You were not having | You weren’t having | Were you having? |
| We were having | We were not having | We weren’t having | Were we having? |
| They were having | They were not having | They weren’t having | Were they having? |
| He was having | He was not having | He wasn’t having | Was he having? |
| She was having | She was not having | She wasn’t having | Was she having? |
| It was having | It was not having | It wasn’t having | Was it having? |
メモ:肯定文と肯定の疑問文には短縮形は存在しない。
現在完了形
| 肯定文 | 肯定文（短縮形） | 否定文 | 否定文（短縮形） | 疑問文 |
| I have had | I’ve had | I have not had | I haven’t had | Have I had? |
| You have had | You’ve had | You have not had | You haven’t had | Have you had? |
| We have had | We’ve had | We have not had | We haven’t had | Have we had? |
| They have had | They’ve had | They have not had | They haven’t had | Have they had? |
| He has had | He’s had | He has not had | He hasn’t had | Has he had? |
| She has had | She’s had | She has not had | She hasn’t had | Has she had? |
| It has had | It’s had | It has not had | It hasn’t had | Has it had? |
メモ:肯定の疑問文には短縮形は存在しない。
過去完了形
| 肯定文 | 肯定文（短縮形） | 否定文 | 否定文（短縮形） | 疑問文 |
| I had had | I’d had | I had not had | I hadn’t had | Had I had? |
| You had had | You’d had | You had not had | You hadn’t had | Had you had? |
| We had had | We’d had | We had not had | We hadn’t had | Had we had? |
| They had had | They’d had | They had not had | They hadn’t had | Had they had? |
| He had had | He’d had | He had not had | He hadn’t had | Had he had? |
| She had had | She’d had | She had not had | She hadn’t had | Had she had? |
| It had had | It’d had | It had not had | It hadn’t had | Had it had? |
メモ:肯定の疑問文には短縮形は存在しない。
Have / Have not の疑問文
have/have の疑問文をつくるには、 ‘do, does, did’ を主語と時制によって使い分けます。
例：
肯定文: I have a dog.
疑問文: Do you have a dog?
肯定文: She has long hair.
疑問文: Does she have long hair?
肯定文: They had a party last night.
疑問文: Did they have a party last night?
Have / Have not の質問の答え方
今みた上記の疑問文の答えは、以下のようになります。
肯定の答え: Yes, I have a dog (Yes, I have).
否定の答え: No, I don’t have a dog (No, I don’t).
肯定の答え: Yes, she has long hair (Yes, she has).
否定の答え: No, she doesn’t have long hair (No, she doesn’t).
肯定の答え: Yes, they had a party last night (Yes, they had).
否定の答え: No, they didn’t have a party last night (No, they didn’t).
動詞のhave
動詞の have は、「持っている」と訳されることが多いですが、「所有」のほかに「性質・属性」や「行動」などを意味します。
例：
She has a bakery. 彼女はパン屋を所有しています。
[所有]
I have brown eyes. 私の目は茶色です。
[性質・属性]
He had a shower. 彼はシャワーを浴びました。
[行動]
また、動詞の have は一般的に、drink（飲む）、eat（食べる）といった動詞の代わりに使われます。
We have scrambled eggs every morning.
[We eat scrambled eggs every morning].
私たちは毎朝スクランブルエッグを食べます。
I had a cup of tea in the afternoon.
[I drank a cup of tea in the afternoon].
私は午後にお茶を1杯飲みました。
助動詞のhave
have は現在完了形、過去完了形で助動詞として使われます。
構造: Have/Has/Had + 動詞の過去分詞
例:
肯定文: I have lived in Switzerland for 20 years.
否定文: I haven’t lived in Switzerland for 20 years.
疑問文: Have you lived in Switzerland for 20 years?
[動詞の原形 = live; 過去分詞 = lived]
肯定文: It has been a long time since we talked.
否定文: It hasn’t been a long time since we talked.
疑問文: Has it been a long time since we talked?
[動詞の原形 = to be; 過去分詞 = been]
肯定文: We had walked for all day.
否定文: We hadn’t walked for all day.
疑問文: Had we walked for all day.
[動詞の原形 = walk; 過去分詞 = walked].
短縮形のかたち
have を動詞として使う場合、‘have/has/had’ は短縮できません。
I have two movie tickets.
[ I’ve two movie tickets].
We had lunch in a French restaurant.
[We’d lunch in a French restaurant].
have を助動詞として使う場合、‘have/has/had’ の短縮形は会話では使われますが、基本的には文章では使われません。
短縮形は、基本的には現在完了形、過去完了形で使われます。
おまけ
ちなみに動詞の have は have to = must のように、「義務」の意味を持った助動詞としても使われます。詳しくは、別の記事で言及したいと思います。
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