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be動詞に次いで最もよく使われる英語の動詞は ‘have’ です。

have は動詞、または助動詞として使われます。

 

動詞の形式

現在形

（↑現在形について詳しく知りたい場合は上記をクリック）

肯定文	肯定文（短縮形）	否定文	否定文（短縮形）	疑問文
I have	I’ve	I do not have (A,B) I have not (B)	I don’t have (A,B) I haven’t (B)	Do I have?
You have	You’ve	You do not have (A,B) You have not (B)	You don’t have (A,B) You haven’t (B)	Do you have?
We have	We’ve	We do not have (A,B) We have not (B)	We don’t have (A,B) We haven’t (B)	Do we have?
They have	They’ve	They do not have (A,B) They have not (B)	They don’t have (A,B) They haven’t (B)	Do they have?
He has	He’s	He does not have (A,B) He has not (B)	He doesn’t have (A,B) He hasn’t (B)	Does he have?
She has	She’s	She does not have (A,B) She has not (B)	She doesn’t have (A,B) She hasn’t (B)	Does she have?
It has	It’s	It does not have (A,B) It has not (B)	It doesn’t have (A,B) It hasn’t (B)	Does it have?

メモ:

– 肯定の疑問文には短縮形は存在しない。

– 短縮形の (‘s) はbe動詞の‘is’ 、have の三人称単数形 ‘has’ の両方に使われる。

– A = American English（アメリカ英語）、B = British English（イギリス英語）

– (A,B) = アメリカ英語とイギリス英語の両方で使われるという意味。

– (B) = イギリス英語では使用可能という意味。

– 助動詞としての have の否定形は haven’t と hasn’t のみ使用可能。(do not have 、does not have)。

 

過去形

肯定文	肯定文（短縮形）	否定文	否定文（短縮形）	疑問文
I had	I’d	I did not have	I didn’t have	Did I have?
You had	You’d	You did not have	You didn’t have	Did you have?
We had	We’d	We did not have	We didn’t have	Did we have?
They had	They’d	They did not have	They didn’t have	Did they have?
He had	He’d	He did not have	He didn’t have	Did he have?
She had	She’d	She did not have	She didn’t have	Did she have?
It had	It’d	It did not have	It didn’t have	Did it have?

メモ:

– 肯定の疑問文には短縮形は存在しない。

– 短縮形は会話では使われるが、フォーマルな文章では使われない。

-短縮形の(‘d) は ‘would’ と ‘had’ の両方に使われる。

 

現在進行形

肯定文	肯定文（短縮形）	否定文	否定文（短縮形）	疑問文
I am having	I’m having	I am not having	I’m not having	Am I having?
You are having	You’re having	You are not having	You’re not having You aren’t having	Are you having?
We are having	We’re having	We are not having	We’re not having We aren’t having	Are we having?
They are having	They’re having	They are not having	They’re not having They aren’t having	Are they having?
He is having	He’s having	He is not having	He’s not having He isn’t having	Is he having?
She is having	She’s having	She is not having	She’s not having She isn’t having	Is she having?
It is having	It’s having	It is not having	It’s not having It isn’t having	Is it having?

メモ:肯定の疑問文には短縮形は存在しない。

 

過去進行形

肯定文	否定文	否定文（短縮形）	疑問文
I was having	I was not having	I wasn’t having	Was I having?
You were having	You were not having	You weren’t having	Were you having?
We were having	We were not having	We weren’t having	Were we having?
They were having	They were not having	They weren’t having	Were they having?
He was having	He was not having	He wasn’t having	Was he having?
She was having	She was not having	She wasn’t having	Was she having?
It was having	It was not having	It wasn’t having	Was it having?

メモ:肯定文と肯定の疑問文には短縮形は存在しない。

 

現在完了形

肯定文	肯定文（短縮形）	否定文	否定文（短縮形）	疑問文
I have had	I’ve had	I have not had	I haven’t had	Have I had?
You have had	You’ve had	You have not had	You haven’t had	Have you had?
We have had	We’ve had	We have not had	We haven’t had	Have we had?
They have had	They’ve had	They have not had	They haven’t had	Have they had?
He has had	He’s had	He has not had	He hasn’t had	Has he had?
She has had	She’s had	She has not had	She hasn’t had	Has she had?
It has had	It’s had	It has not had	It hasn’t had	Has it had?

メモ:肯定の疑問文には短縮形は存在しない。

 

過去完了形

肯定文	肯定文（短縮形）	否定文	否定文（短縮形）	疑問文
I had had	I’d had	I had not had	I hadn’t had	Had I had?
You had had	You’d had	You had not had	You hadn’t had	Had you had?
We had had	We’d had	We had not had	We hadn’t had	Had we had?
They had had	They’d had	They had not had	They hadn’t had	Had they had?
He had had	He’d had	He had not had	He hadn’t had	Had he had?
She had had	She’d had	She had not had	She hadn’t had	Had she had?
It had had	It’d had	It had not had	It hadn’t had	Had it had?

メモ:肯定の疑問文には短縮形は存在しない。

 

Have / Have not の疑問文

have/have の疑問文をつくるには、 ‘do, does, did’ を主語と時制によって使い分けます。

例：

肯定文: I have a dog.

疑問文: Do you have a dog?

 

肯定文: She has long hair.

疑問文: Does she have long hair?

 

肯定文: They had a party last night.

疑問文: Did they have a party last night?

 

Have / Have not の質問の答え方

今みた上記の疑問文の答えは、以下のようになります。

肯定の答え: Yes, I have a dog (Yes, I have).

否定の答え: No, I don’t have a dog (No, I don’t).

 

肯定の答え: Yes, she has long hair (Yes, she has).

否定の答え: No, she doesn’t have long hair (No, she doesn’t).

 

肯定の答え: Yes, they had a party last night (Yes, they had).

否定の答え: No, they didn’t have a party last night (No, they didn’t).

 

動詞のhave

動詞の have は、「持っている」と訳されることが多いですが、「所有」のほかに「性質・属性」や「行動」などを意味します。

例：

She has a bakery.　彼女はパン屋を所有しています。

[所有]

 

I have brown eyes.　私の目は茶色です。

[性質・属性]

 

He had a shower.　彼はシャワーを浴びました。

[行動]

 

 

また、動詞の have は一般的に、drink（飲む）、eat（食べる）といった動詞の代わりに使われます。

We have scrambled eggs every morning.

[We eat scrambled eggs every morning].

私たちは毎朝スクランブルエッグを食べます。

 

I had a cup of tea in the afternoon.

[I drank a cup of tea in the afternoon].

私は午後にお茶を1杯飲みました。

 

助動詞のhave

have は現在完了形、過去完了形で助動詞として使われます。

構造: Have/Has/Had + 動詞の過去分詞

 

例:

肯定文: I have lived in Switzerland for 20 years.

否定文: I haven’t lived in Switzerland for 20 years.

疑問文: Have you lived in Switzerland for 20 years?

[動詞の原形 = live; 過去分詞 = lived]

 

肯定文: It has been a long time since we talked.

否定文: It hasn’t been a long time since we talked.

疑問文: Has it been a long time since we talked?

[動詞の原形 = to be; 過去分詞 = been]

 

肯定文: We had walked for all day.

否定文: We hadn’t walked for all day.

疑問文: Had we walked for all day.

[動詞の原形 = walk; 過去分詞 = walked].

 

 

短縮形のかたち

have を動詞として使う場合、‘have/has/had’ は短縮できません。

I have two movie tickets.

[ I’ve two movie tickets].

 

We had lunch in a French restaurant.

[We’d lunch in a French restaurant].

 

have を助動詞として使う場合、‘have/has/had’ の短縮形は会話では使われますが、基本的には文章では使われません。

 

短縮形は、基本的には現在完了形、過去完了形で使われます。

おまけ

ちなみに動詞の have は have to = must のように、「義務」の意味を持った助動詞としても使われます。詳しくは、別の記事で言及したいと思います。

 

 

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