Categories: 英語

第14課 英語のhaveの使い方ガイド<完全版>

英語のhave

be動詞に次いで最もよく使われる英語の動詞は ‘have’ です。

have は動詞、または助動詞として使われます。

 

動詞の形式

現在形

(↑現在形について詳しく知りたい場合は上記をクリック)

肯定文 肯定文(短縮形) 否定文 否定文(短縮形) 疑問文
I have I’ve I do not have (A,B)

I have not (B)

I don’t have (A,B)

I haven’t (B)

Do I have?
You have You’ve You do not have (A,B)

You have not (B)

You don’t have (A,B)

You haven’t (B)

Do you have?
We have We’ve We do not have (A,B)

We have not (B)

We don’t have (A,B)

We haven’t (B)

Do we have?
They have They’ve They do not have (A,B)

They have not (B)

They don’t have (A,B)

They haven’t (B)

Do they have?
He has He’s He does not have (A,B)

He has not (B)

He doesn’t have (A,B)

He hasn’t (B)

Does he have?
She has She’s She does not have (A,B)

She has not (B)

She doesn’t have (A,B)

She hasn’t (B)

Does she have?
It has It’s It does not have (A,B)

It has not (B)

It doesn’t have (A,B)

It hasn’t (B)

Does it have?

メモ:

– 肯定の疑問文には短縮形は存在しない。

– 短縮形の (‘s) はbe動詞is’ 、have の三人称単数形 has の両方に使われる。

– A = American English(アメリカ英語)、B = British English(イギリス英語)

– (A,B) = アメリカ英語とイギリス英語の両方で使われるという意味。

– (B) = イギリス英語では使用可能という意味。

– 助動詞としての have の否定形は haven’t と hasn’t のみ使用可能。(do not have 、does not have)。

 

過去形

肯定文 肯定文(短縮形) 否定文 否定文(短縮形) 疑問文
I had I’d I did not have I didn’t have Did I have?
You had You’d You did not have You didn’t have Did you have?
We had We’d We did not have We didn’t have Did we have?
They had They’d They did not have They didn’t have Did they have?
He had He’d He did not have He didn’t have Did he have?
She had She’d She did not have She didn’t have Did she have?
It had It’d It did not have It didn’t have Did it have?

メモ:

– 肯定の疑問文には短縮形は存在しない。

– 短縮形は会話では使われるが、フォーマルな文章では使われない。

-短縮形の(‘d) は ‘would’ と ‘had’ の両方に使われる。

 

現在進行形

肯定文 肯定文(短縮形) 否定文 否定文(短縮形) 疑問文
I am having I’m having I am not having I’m not having Am I having?
You are having You’re having You are not having You’re not having

You aren’t having

Are you having?
We are having We’re having We are not having We’re not having

We aren’t having

Are we having?
They are having They’re having They are not having They’re not having

They aren’t having

Are they having?
He is having He’s having He is not having He’s not having

He isn’t having

Is he having?
She is having She’s having She is not having She’s not having

She isn’t having

Is she having?
It is having It’s having It is not having It’s not having

It isn’t having

Is it having?

メモ:肯定の疑問文には短縮形は存在しない。

 

過去進行形

肯定文 否定文 否定文(短縮形) 疑問文
I was having I was not having I wasn’t having Was I having?
You were having You were not having You weren’t having Were you having?
We were having We were not having We weren’t having Were we having?
They were having They were not having They weren’t having Were they having?
He was having He was not having He wasn’t having Was he having?
She was having She was not having She wasn’t having Was she having?
It was having It was not having It wasn’t having Was it having?

メモ:肯定文と肯定の疑問文には短縮形は存在しない。

 

現在完了形

肯定文 肯定文(短縮形) 否定文 否定文(短縮形) 疑問文
I have had I’ve had I have not had I haven’t had Have I had?
You have had You’ve had You have not had You haven’t had Have you had?
We have had We’ve had We have not had We haven’t had Have we had?
They have had They’ve had They have not had They haven’t had Have they had?
He has had He’s had He has not had He hasn’t had Has he had?
She has had She’s had She has not had She hasn’t had Has she had?
It has had It’s had It has not had It hasn’t had Has it had?

メモ:肯定の疑問文には短縮形は存在しない。

 

過去完了形

肯定文 肯定文(短縮形) 否定文 否定文(短縮形) 疑問文
I had had I’d had I had not had I hadn’t had Had I had?
You had had You’d had You had not had You hadn’t had Had you had?
We had had We’d had We had not had We hadn’t had Had we had?
They had had They’d had They had not had They hadn’t had Had they had?
He had had He’d had He had not had He hadn’t had Had he had?
She had had She’d had She had not had She hadn’t had Had she had?
It had had It’d had It had not had It hadn’t had Had it had?

メモ:肯定の疑問文には短縮形は存在しない。

 

Have / Have not の疑問文

have/have の疑問文をつくるには、 ‘do, does, did’ を主語と時制によって使い分けます。

例:

肯定文: I have a dog.

疑問文: Do you have a dog?

 

肯定文: She has long hair.

疑問文: Does she have long hair?

 

肯定文: They had a party last night.

疑問文: Did they have a party last night?

 

Have / Have not の質問の答え方

今みた上記の疑問文の答えは、以下のようになります。

肯定の答え: Yes, I have a dog (Yes, I have).

否定の答え: No, I don’t have a dog (No, I don’t).

 

肯定の答え: Yes, she has long hair (Yes, she has).

否定の答え: No, she doesn’t have long hair (No, she doesn’t).

 

肯定の答え: Yes, they had a party last night (Yes, they had).

否定の答え: No, they didn’t have a party last night (No, they didn’t).

 

動詞のhave

動詞の have は、「持っている」と訳されることが多いですが、「所有」のほかに「性質・属性」や「行動」などを意味します。

例:

She has a bakery. 彼女はパン屋を所有しています。

[所有]

 

I have brown eyes. 私の目は茶色です。

[性質・属性]

 

He had a shower. 彼はシャワーを浴びました。

[行動]

 

 

また、動詞の have は一般的に、drink(飲む)、eat(食べる)といった動詞の代わりに使われます。

We have scrambled eggs every morning.

[We eat scrambled eggs every morning].

私たちは毎朝スクランブルエッグを食べます。

 

I had a cup of tea in the afternoon.

[I drank a cup of tea in the afternoon].

私は午後にお茶を1杯飲みました。

 

助動詞のhave

have は現在完了形、過去完了形で助動詞として使われます。

構造: Have/Has/Had + 動詞の過去分詞

 

例:

肯定文: I have lived in Switzerland for 20 years.

否定文: I haven’t lived in Switzerland for 20 years.

疑問文: Have you lived in Switzerland for 20 years?

[動詞の原形 = live; 過去分詞 = lived]

 

肯定文: It has been a long time since we talked.

否定文: It hasn’t been a long time since we talked.

疑問文: Has it been a long time since we talked?

[動詞の原形 = to be; 過去分詞 = been]

 

肯定文: We had walked for all day.

否定文: We hadn’t walked for all day.

疑問文: Had we walked for all day.

[動詞の原形 = walk; 過去分詞 = walked].

 

 

短縮形のかたち

have を動詞として使う場合、‘have/has/had’ は短縮できません

I have two movie tickets.

[ I’ve two movie tickets].

 

We had lunch in a French restaurant.

[We’d lunch in a French restaurant].

 

have を助動詞として使う場合、‘have/has/had’ の短縮形は会話では使われますが、基本的には文章では使われません。

 

短縮形は、基本的には現在完了形、過去完了形で使われます。

おまけ

ちなみに動詞の have は have to = must のように、「義務」の意味を持った助動詞としても使われます。詳しくは、別の記事で言及したいと思います。

 

 

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